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Heteronyms & Stress-Shift Pairs

Some English words are spelled identically but said completely differently depending on their meaning. Others just shift which syllable gets the stress. Both are famous pronunciation traps — hear every one below, and use Practice Mode to test yourself.

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Heteronyms

Same spelling, different pronunciation, different meaning.

lead

verb

LEED

to guide or go in front of

She will lead the team.

noun

LED

a soft, heavy grey metal

The pipe was made of lead.

tear

noun

TEER

a drop of water from the eye

A tear rolled down her cheek.

verb

TAIR

to rip

Don't tear the paper.

wind

noun

WIND

moving air

The wind is strong today.

verb

WYND

to turn or coil

Wind the clock before bed.

bow

noun

BOH

a weapon, or a ribbon knot

She tied a bow in her hair.

verb

BOW (rhymes with cow)

to bend forward at the waist

The actors took a bow.

bass

noun

BASE

low musical tone or instrument

He plays bass guitar.

noun

BASS (rhymes with class)

a type of fish

We caught a bass this morning.

close

adjective

KLOHS

nearby

The store is close to my house.

verb

KLOHZ

to shut

Please close the door.

live

verb

LIV

to be alive, to reside

They live in Boston.

adjective

LYVE

happening now, not recorded

It was a live broadcast.

minute

noun

MIN-it

60 seconds

Wait one minute.

adjective

my-NOOT

extremely small

The details were minute.

object

noun

OB-jekt

a thing

What is that object?

verb

ub-JEKT

to protest or disagree

I object to this plan.

content

noun

KON-tent

what's inside something

Check the content of the box.

adjective

kun-TENT

satisfied

She felt content with her work.

desert

noun

DEZ-ert

a dry, sandy area

Camels live in the desert.

verb

dih-ZERT

to abandon

Soldiers must not desert their post.

invalid

noun

IN-vuh-lid

a person who is ill or disabled

He cared for the invalid.

adjective

in-VAL-id

not valid or correct

That ticket is invalid.

moderate

adjective

MOD-er-it

not extreme, average

The weather was moderate.

verb

MOD-er-ayt

to preside over a debate

She will moderate the panel.

separate

adjective

SEP-rit

apart, not joined

Keep the two piles separate.

verb

SEP-uh-rayt

to divide or split up

Please separate the colors.

present

noun

PREZ-ent

a gift, or now

She opened her present.

verb

prih-ZENT

to give or show formally

He will present the award.

produce

noun

PROH-doos

fruits and vegetables

The produce looked fresh.

verb

pruh-DOOS

to make or create

The factory will produce more.

project

noun

PROJ-ekt

a planned piece of work

We finished the project.

verb

pruh-JEKT

to forecast, or throw forward

Sales project to rise.

permit

noun

PER-mit

an official license

You need a parking permit.

verb

per-MIT

to allow

They permit photos here.

contract

noun

KON-trakt

a formal agreement

Sign the contract here.

verb

kun-TRAKT

to shrink, or catch an illness

Metal will contract in the cold.

conduct

noun

KON-dukt

behavior

His conduct was excellent.

verb

kun-DUKT

to lead or carry out

She will conduct the orchestra.

subject

noun

SUB-jekt

a topic

Math is my favorite subject.

verb

sub-JEKT

to expose someone to something

Don't subject him to that.

suspect

noun

SUS-pekt

a person thought to have done wrong

Police questioned the suspect.

verb

suh-SPEKT

to believe something without proof

I suspect she is right.

rebel

noun

REB-el

a person who resists authority

The rebel fought for change.

verb

rih-BEL

to resist or fight authority

Teenagers often rebel.

refuse

noun

REF-yoos

trash or waste

Put the refuse in the bin.

verb

rih-FYOOZ

to decline or say no

I refuse to give up.

entrance

noun

EN-trans

a doorway or way in

Meet me at the entrance.

verb

en-TRANS

to fill with delight, to enchant

The music will entrance you.

attribute

noun

AT-truh-byoot

a quality or feature

Kindness is a great attribute.

verb

uh-TRIB-yoot

to credit something to a cause

They attribute it to luck.

incense

noun

IN-sens

fragrant smoke from burning material

The incense smelled sweet.

verb

in-SENS

to make very angry

The delay will incense them.

console

noun

KON-sohl

a control panel or gaming device

He bought a new console.

verb

kun-SOHL

to comfort someone

She tried to console her friend.

compound

noun

KOM-pownd

a mixture, or an enclosed area

The chemical is a compound.

verb

kum-POWND

to make worse, or combine

Stress will compound the issue.

estimate

noun

ES-tuh-mit

a rough calculation or guess

Give me an estimate.

verb

ES-tuh-mayt

to calculate roughly

Please estimate the cost.

graduate

noun

GRAJ-oo-it

someone who has completed a course of study

She is a college graduate.

verb

GRAJ-oo-ayt

to complete a course of study

He will graduate in May.

wound

noun

WOOND

an injury

The wound healed slowly.

verb

WOWND

past tense of "wind" (to coil)

She wound the string tightly.

sow

verb

SOH

to plant seeds

Farmers sow seeds in spring.

noun

SOW (rhymes with cow)

a female pig

The sow had six piglets.

dove

noun

DUV

a bird, symbol of peace

A white dove flew by.

verb

DOHV

past tense of "dive"

She dove into the pool.

row

noun

ROH

a line of things, or to paddle a boat

We sat in the front row.

noun

ROW (rhymes with cow)

a noisy argument

They had a big row.

does

verb

DUZ

present tense of "do"

She does her homework.

noun

DOHZ

plural of "doe" (female deer)

The does grazed nearby.

read

verb

REED

present tense — to look at and understand text

I read every day.

verb

RED

past tense of "read"

I read that book last year.

buffet

noun

buh-FAY

a meal set out for self-service

We ate at the buffet.

verb

BUF-it

to strike repeatedly

Winds buffet the coast.

resume

verb

rih-ZOOM

to continue after a pause

We will resume after lunch.

noun

REZ-oo-may

a summary of work history

Send me your resume.

house

noun

HOWSS

a building where people live

They bought a new house.

verb

HOWZ

to provide shelter for

The shelter can house 50 people.

Stress-Shift Pairs

Same spelling — stress the FIRST syllable for the noun, the SECOND for the verb: “a REC-ord” vs “to re-CORD”.

record

noun

REK-ord

information kept in writing

Keep a record of expenses.

verb

rih-CORD

to store sound or data

Please record the meeting.

import

noun

IM-port

a good brought in from abroad

The car is an import.

verb

im-PORT

to bring in from abroad

They import coffee beans.

export

noun

EK-sport

a good sent abroad

Oil is a major export.

verb

ek-SPORT

to send goods abroad

They export wheat.

increase

noun

IN-kreess

a rise in amount

There was a price increase.

verb

in-KREESS

to become or make greater

Prices will increase.

decrease

noun

DEE-kreess

a reduction in amount

There was a slight decrease.

verb

dee-KREESS

to become or make smaller

Sales will decrease.

insult

noun

IN-sult

a rude remark

That was a real insult.

verb

in-SULT

to speak rudely to

Don't insult your teacher.

insert

noun

IN-sert

a page placed inside something

There was an insert in the magazine.

verb

in-SERT

to put something inside

Insert the key here.

extract

noun

EK-strakt

a passage taken from a text

Read this extract.

verb

ek-STRAKT

to remove or take out

The dentist will extract the tooth.

contrast

noun

KON-trast

a clear difference

There is a contrast between them.

verb

kun-TRAST

to show a clear difference

Contrast the two paintings.

convert

noun

KON-vert

a person who changed beliefs

She is a recent convert.

verb

kun-VERT

to change into another form

Convert miles to kilometers.

convict

noun

KON-vikt

a person found guilty of a crime

The convict was released.

verb

kun-VIKT

to find guilty in court

The jury will convict him.

digest

noun

DY-jest

a short summary

Read the news digest.

verb

dy-JEST

to break down food in the body

It takes time to digest a meal.

discount

noun

DIS-kownt

a price reduction

We got a discount.

verb

dis-KOWNT

to disregard as unlikely

Don't discount that idea.

discharge

noun

DIS-charj

an official release

He got an honorable discharge.

verb

dis-CHARJ

to release or let go

The hospital will discharge her today.

progress

noun

PROG-ress

forward movement or improvement

We're making progress.

verb

pruh-GRESS

to move forward or improve

The project will progress quickly.

protest

noun

PROH-test

a public objection

They held a protest.

verb

pruh-TEST

to object publicly

They protest the new law.

transport

noun

TRANS-port

a means of moving people/goods

Public transport is cheap.

verb

trans-PORT

to move from one place to another

Trucks transport the goods.

transfer

noun

TRANS-fer

a move from one place to another

The transfer took an hour.

verb

trans-FER

to move something/someone

Please transfer the funds.

survey

noun

SER-vay

a set of questions to gather data

Please fill out the survey.

verb

ser-VAY

to examine or ask a group of people

They survey customers monthly.

addict

noun

AD-ikt

a person dependent on something

He is a coffee addict.

verb

uh-DIKT

to make dependent on something

Games can addict young players.

combine

noun

KOM-byn

a large farm machine

The combine harvested the wheat.

verb

kum-BYN

to join together

Combine the flour and sugar.

compact

noun

KOM-pakt

a small car, or an agreement

She drives a compact.

verb

kum-PAKT

to press tightly together

The machine will compact the soil.

conflict

noun

KON-flikt

a serious disagreement

The conflict lasted years.

verb

kun-FLIKT

to be at odds with

Their views conflict sharply.

contest

noun

KON-test

a competition

She won the contest.

verb

kun-TEST

to formally challenge

They will contest the results.

defect

noun

DEE-fekt

a flaw or fault

The car has a defect.

verb

dih-FEKT

to abandon one side for another

The spy chose to defect.

object

noun

OB-jekt

a thing

What is that object?

verb

ub-JEKT

to protest or disagree

I object to this plan.

present

noun

PREZ-ent

a gift, or now

She opened her present.

verb

prih-ZENT

to give or show formally

He will present the award.

produce

noun

PROH-doos

fruits and vegetables

The produce looked fresh.

verb

pruh-DOOS

to make or create

The factory will produce more.

project

noun

PROJ-ekt

a planned piece of work

We finished the project.

verb

pruh-JEKT

to forecast, or throw forward

Sales project to rise.

permit

noun

PER-mit

an official license

You need a parking permit.

verb

per-MIT

to allow

They permit photos here.

contract

noun

KON-trakt

a formal agreement

Sign the contract here.

verb

kun-TRAKT

to shrink, or catch an illness

Metal will contract in the cold.

conduct

noun

KON-dukt

behavior

His conduct was excellent.

verb

kun-DUKT

to lead or carry out

She will conduct the orchestra.

subject

noun

SUB-jekt

a topic

Math is my favorite subject.

verb

sub-JEKT

to expose someone to something

Don't subject him to that.

suspect

noun

SUS-pekt

a person thought to have done wrong

Police questioned the suspect.

verb

suh-SPEKT

to believe something without proof

I suspect she is right.

rebel

noun

REB-el

a person who resists authority

The rebel fought for change.

verb

rih-BEL

to resist or fight authority

Teenagers often rebel.

refuse

noun

REF-yoos

trash or waste

Put the refuse in the bin.

verb

rih-FYOOZ

to decline or say no

I refuse to give up.