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Heteronyms & Stress-Shift Pairs

Some English words are spelled identically but said completely differently depending on their meaning. Others just shift which syllable gets the stress. Both are famous pronunciation traps — hear every one below, and use Practice Mode to test yourself.

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Heteronyms

Same spelling, different pronunciation, different meaning.

lead →
verb

LEED

to guide or go in front of

“She will lead the team.”

noun

LED

a soft, heavy grey metal

“The pipe was made of lead.”

tear →
noun

TEER

a drop of water from the eye

“A tear rolled down her cheek.”

verb

TAIR

to rip

“Don't tear the paper.”

wind →
noun

WIND

moving air

“The wind is strong today.”

verb

WYND

to turn or coil

“Wind the clock before bed.”

bow →
noun

BOH

a weapon, or a ribbon knot

“She tied a bow in her hair.”

verb

BOW (rhymes with cow)

to bend forward at the waist

“The actors took a bow.”

bass →
noun

BASE

low musical tone or instrument

“He plays bass guitar.”

noun

BASS (rhymes with class)

a type of fish

“We caught a bass this morning.”

close →
adjective

KLOHS

nearby

“The store is close to my house.”

verb

KLOHZ

to shut

“Please close the door.”

live →
verb

LIV

to be alive, to reside

“They live in Boston.”

adjective

LYVE

happening now, not recorded

“It was a live broadcast.”

minute →
noun

MIN-it

60 seconds

“Wait one minute.”

adjective

my-NOOT

extremely small

“The details were minute.”

object →
noun

OB-jekt

a thing

“What is that object?”

verb

ub-JEKT

to protest or disagree

“I object to this plan.”

content →
noun

KON-tent

what's inside something

“Check the content of the box.”

adjective

kun-TENT

satisfied

“She felt content with her work.”

desert →
noun

DEZ-ert

a dry, sandy area

“Camels live in the desert.”

verb

dih-ZERT

to abandon

“Soldiers must not desert their post.”

invalid →
noun

IN-vuh-lid

a person who is ill or disabled

“He cared for the invalid.”

adjective

in-VAL-id

not valid or correct

“That ticket is invalid.”

moderate →
adjective

MOD-er-it

not extreme, average

“The weather was moderate.”

verb

MOD-er-ayt

to preside over a debate

“She will moderate the panel.”

separate →
adjective

SEP-rit

apart, not joined

“Keep the two piles separate.”

verb

SEP-uh-rayt

to divide or split up

“Please separate the colors.”

present →
noun

PREZ-ent

a gift, or now

“She opened her present.”

verb

prih-ZENT

to give or show formally

“He will present the award.”

produce →
noun

PROH-doos

fruits and vegetables

“The produce looked fresh.”

verb

pruh-DOOS

to make or create

“The factory will produce more.”

project →
noun

PROJ-ekt

a planned piece of work

“We finished the project.”

verb

pruh-JEKT

to forecast, or throw forward

“Sales project to rise.”

permit →
noun

PER-mit

an official license

“You need a parking permit.”

verb

per-MIT

to allow

“They permit photos here.”

contract →
noun

KON-trakt

a formal agreement

“Sign the contract here.”

verb

kun-TRAKT

to shrink, or catch an illness

“Metal will contract in the cold.”

conduct →
noun

KON-dukt

behavior

“His conduct was excellent.”

verb

kun-DUKT

to lead or carry out

“She will conduct the orchestra.”

subject →
noun

SUB-jekt

a topic

“Math is my favorite subject.”

verb

sub-JEKT

to expose someone to something

“Don't subject him to that.”

suspect →
noun

SUS-pekt

a person thought to have done wrong

“Police questioned the suspect.”

verb

suh-SPEKT

to believe something without proof

“I suspect she is right.”

rebel →
noun

REB-el

a person who resists authority

“The rebel fought for change.”

verb

rih-BEL

to resist or fight authority

“Teenagers often rebel.”

refuse →
noun

REF-yoos

trash or waste

“Put the refuse in the bin.”

verb

rih-FYOOZ

to decline or say no

“I refuse to give up.”

entrance →
noun

EN-trans

a doorway or way in

“Meet me at the entrance.”

verb

en-TRANS

to fill with delight, to enchant

“The music will entrance you.”

attribute →
noun

AT-truh-byoot

a quality or feature

“Kindness is a great attribute.”

verb

uh-TRIB-yoot

to credit something to a cause

“They attribute it to luck.”

incense →
noun

IN-sens

fragrant smoke from burning material

“The incense smelled sweet.”

verb

in-SENS

to make very angry

“The delay will incense them.”

console →
noun

KON-sohl

a control panel or gaming device

“He bought a new console.”

verb

kun-SOHL

to comfort someone

“She tried to console her friend.”

compound →
noun

KOM-pownd

a mixture, or an enclosed area

“The chemical is a compound.”

verb

kum-POWND

to make worse, or combine

“Stress will compound the issue.”

estimate →
noun

ES-tuh-mit

a rough calculation or guess

“Give me an estimate.”

verb

ES-tuh-mayt

to calculate roughly

“Please estimate the cost.”

graduate →
noun

GRAJ-oo-it

someone who has completed a course of study

“She is a college graduate.”

verb

GRAJ-oo-ayt

to complete a course of study

“He will graduate in May.”

wound →
noun

WOOND

an injury

“The wound healed slowly.”

verb

WOWND

past tense of "wind" (to coil)

“She wound the string tightly.”

sow →
verb

SOH

to plant seeds

“Farmers sow seeds in spring.”

noun

SOW (rhymes with cow)

a female pig

“The sow had six piglets.”

dove →
noun

DUV

a bird, symbol of peace

“A white dove flew by.”

verb

DOHV

past tense of "dive"

“She dove into the pool.”

row →
noun

ROH

a line of things, or to paddle a boat

“We sat in the front row.”

noun

ROW (rhymes with cow)

a noisy argument

“They had a big row.”

does →
verb

DUZ

present tense of "do"

“She does her homework.”

noun

DOHZ

plural of "doe" (female deer)

“The does grazed nearby.”

read →
verb

REED

present tense — to look at and understand text

“I read every day.”

verb

RED

past tense of "read"

“I read that book last year.”

buffet →
noun

buh-FAY

a meal set out for self-service

“We ate at the buffet.”

verb

BUF-it

to strike repeatedly

“Winds buffet the coast.”

resume →
verb

rih-ZOOM

to continue after a pause

“We will resume after lunch.”

noun

REZ-oo-may

a summary of work history

“Send me your resume.”

house →
noun

HOWSS

a building where people live

“They bought a new house.”

verb

HOWZ

to provide shelter for

“The shelter can house 50 people.”

Stress-Shift Pairs

Same spelling — stress the FIRST syllable for the noun, the SECOND for the verb: “a REC-ord” vs “to re-CORD”.

record →
noun

REK-ord

information kept in writing

“Keep a record of expenses.”

verb

rih-CORD

to store sound or data

“Please record the meeting.”

import →
noun

IM-port

a good brought in from abroad

“The car is an import.”

verb

im-PORT

to bring in from abroad

“They import coffee beans.”

export →
noun

EK-sport

a good sent abroad

“Oil is a major export.”

verb

ek-SPORT

to send goods abroad

“They export wheat.”

increase →
noun

IN-kreess

a rise in amount

“There was a price increase.”

verb

in-KREESS

to become or make greater

“Prices will increase.”

decrease →
noun

DEE-kreess

a reduction in amount

“There was a slight decrease.”

verb

dee-KREESS

to become or make smaller

“Sales will decrease.”

insult →
noun

IN-sult

a rude remark

“That was a real insult.”

verb

in-SULT

to speak rudely to

“Don't insult your teacher.”

insert →
noun

IN-sert

a page placed inside something

“There was an insert in the magazine.”

verb

in-SERT

to put something inside

“Insert the key here.”

extract →
noun

EK-strakt

a passage taken from a text

“Read this extract.”

verb

ek-STRAKT

to remove or take out

“The dentist will extract the tooth.”

contrast →
noun

KON-trast

a clear difference

“There is a contrast between them.”

verb

kun-TRAST

to show a clear difference

“Contrast the two paintings.”

convert →
noun

KON-vert

a person who changed beliefs

“She is a recent convert.”

verb

kun-VERT

to change into another form

“Convert miles to kilometers.”

convict →
noun

KON-vikt

a person found guilty of a crime

“The convict was released.”

verb

kun-VIKT

to find guilty in court

“The jury will convict him.”

digest →
noun

DY-jest

a short summary

“Read the news digest.”

verb

dy-JEST

to break down food in the body

“It takes time to digest a meal.”

discount →
noun

DIS-kownt

a price reduction

“We got a discount.”

verb

dis-KOWNT

to disregard as unlikely

“Don't discount that idea.”

discharge →
noun

DIS-charj

an official release

“He got an honorable discharge.”

verb

dis-CHARJ

to release or let go

“The hospital will discharge her today.”

progress →
noun

PROG-ress

forward movement or improvement

“We're making progress.”

verb

pruh-GRESS

to move forward or improve

“The project will progress quickly.”

protest →
noun

PROH-test

a public objection

“They held a protest.”

verb

pruh-TEST

to object publicly

“They protest the new law.”

transport →
noun

TRANS-port

a means of moving people/goods

“Public transport is cheap.”

verb

trans-PORT

to move from one place to another

“Trucks transport the goods.”

transfer →
noun

TRANS-fer

a move from one place to another

“The transfer took an hour.”

verb

trans-FER

to move something/someone

“Please transfer the funds.”

survey →
noun

SER-vay

a set of questions to gather data

“Please fill out the survey.”

verb

ser-VAY

to examine or ask a group of people

“They survey customers monthly.”

addict →
noun

AD-ikt

a person dependent on something

“He is a coffee addict.”

verb

uh-DIKT

to make dependent on something

“Games can addict young players.”

combine →
noun

KOM-byn

a large farm machine

“The combine harvested the wheat.”

verb

kum-BYN

to join together

“Combine the flour and sugar.”

compact →
noun

KOM-pakt

a small car, or an agreement

“She drives a compact.”

verb

kum-PAKT

to press tightly together

“The machine will compact the soil.”

conflict →
noun

KON-flikt

a serious disagreement

“The conflict lasted years.”

verb

kun-FLIKT

to be at odds with

“Their views conflict sharply.”

contest →
noun

KON-test

a competition

“She won the contest.”

verb

kun-TEST

to formally challenge

“They will contest the results.”

defect →
noun

DEE-fekt

a flaw or fault

“The car has a defect.”

verb

dih-FEKT

to abandon one side for another

“The spy chose to defect.”

object →
noun

OB-jekt

a thing

“What is that object?”

verb

ub-JEKT

to protest or disagree

“I object to this plan.”

present →
noun

PREZ-ent

a gift, or now

“She opened her present.”

verb

prih-ZENT

to give or show formally

“He will present the award.”

produce →
noun

PROH-doos

fruits and vegetables

“The produce looked fresh.”

verb

pruh-DOOS

to make or create

“The factory will produce more.”

project →
noun

PROJ-ekt

a planned piece of work

“We finished the project.”

verb

pruh-JEKT

to forecast, or throw forward

“Sales project to rise.”

permit →
noun

PER-mit

an official license

“You need a parking permit.”

verb

per-MIT

to allow

“They permit photos here.”

contract →
noun

KON-trakt

a formal agreement

“Sign the contract here.”

verb

kun-TRAKT

to shrink, or catch an illness

“Metal will contract in the cold.”

conduct →
noun

KON-dukt

behavior

“His conduct was excellent.”

verb

kun-DUKT

to lead or carry out

“She will conduct the orchestra.”

subject →
noun

SUB-jekt

a topic

“Math is my favorite subject.”

verb

sub-JEKT

to expose someone to something

“Don't subject him to that.”

suspect →
noun

SUS-pekt

a person thought to have done wrong

“Police questioned the suspect.”

verb

suh-SPEKT

to believe something without proof

“I suspect she is right.”

rebel →
noun

REB-el

a person who resists authority

“The rebel fought for change.”

verb

rih-BEL

to resist or fight authority

“Teenagers often rebel.”

refuse →
noun

REF-yoos

trash or waste

“Put the refuse in the bin.”

verb

rih-FYOOZ

to decline or say no

“I refuse to give up.”